Dual forward translation, review and adjudication (TRAPD)
What? Psychological tests, comparative surveys such as the European Social Survey (ESS)
How? Two translations produced independently; review by a senior translator with domain expertise; a final version produced jointly by the three linguists in an adjudication meeting; cognitive debriefing (pre-testing) conducted with a partner organization.
Added value of multiple translation inputs, adjudication and pre-testing